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PCI Express Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, officially abbreviated as PCIe or PCI e,1 is a high speed serialcomputerexpansion bus standard, designed to replace the older PCI, PCI X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower IO pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism Advanced Error Reporting, AER2, and native hot plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for IO virtualization. The PCI Express electrical interface is also used in a variety of other standards, most notably the laptop expansion card interface Express. Card and computer storage interfaces SATA Express and M. Format specifications are maintained and developed by the PCI SIG PCI Special Interest Group, a group of more than 9. PCI specifications. PCIe 3. 0 is the latest standard for expansion cards that are in production and available on mainstream personal computers. Architectureedit. An example of the PCI Express topology white junction boxes represent PCI Express device downstream ports, while the gray ones represent upstream ports. New Pokemon Hack Roms Gba. A PCI Express 1 card containing a PCI Express switch covered by a small heat sink, which creates multiple endpoints out of one endpoint and allows it to be shared by multiple devices. Conceptually, the PCI Express bus is a high speed serial replacement of the older PCIPCI X bus. One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology PCI uses a shared parallelbus architecture, in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address, data and control lines. In contrast, PCI Express is based on point to point topology, with separate serial links connecting every device to the root complex host. Due to its shared bus topology, access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated in the case of multiple masters, and limited to one master at a time, in a single direction. Furthermore, the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction. In contrast, a PCI Express bus link supports full duplex communication between any two endpoints, with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints. In terms of bus protocol, PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and de packetizing data and status message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port described later. Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable. At the software level, PCI Express preserves backward compatibility with PCI legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard, though new PCI Express features are inaccessible. The PCI Express link between two devices can consist of anywhere from one to 3. In a multi lane link, the packet data is striped across lanes, and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width. The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization, and can be restricted by either endpoint. For example, a single lane PCI Express 1 card can be inserted into a multi lane slot 4, 8, etc., and the initialization cycle auto negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count. The link can dynamically down configure itself to use fewer lanes, providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present. The PCI Express standard defines slots and connectors for multiple widths 1, 4, 8, 1. This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed, as well as performance critical applications such as 3. D graphics, networking 1. Gigabit Ethernet or multiport Gigabit Ethernet, and enterprise storage SAS or Fibre Channel. As a point of reference, a PCI X 1. MHz 6. 4 bit device and a PCI Express 1. MBs. The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI X bus in cases where multiple devices are transferring data simultaneously, or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral is bidirectional. InterconnecteditPCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called an interconnect7 or link. A link is a point to point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests configuration, IO or memory readwrite and interrupts INTx, MSI or MSI X. At the physical level, a link is composed of one or more lanes. Low speed peripherals such as an 8. Wi Ficard use a single lane 1 link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and faster 1. A lane is composed of two differential signaling pairs, with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Thus, each lane is composed of four wires or signal traces. Conceptually, each lane is used as a full duplexbyte stream, transporting data packets in eight bit byte format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link. Physical PCI Express links may contain from one to 3. Lane counts are written with an prefix for example, 8 represents an eight lane card or slot, with 1. For mechanical card sizes, see below. Serial buseditThe bonded serial bus architecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus due to inherent limitations of the latter, including half duplex operation, excess signal count, and inherently lower bandwidth due to timing skew. Timing skew results from separate electrical signals within a parallel interface traveling through conductors of different lengths, on potentially different printed circuit board PCB layers, and at possibly different signal velocities. Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a single word, signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times. When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals, recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible. Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few nanoseconds, the resulting bandwidth limitation is in the range of hundreds of megahertz. A serial interface does not exhibit timing skew because there is only one differential signal in each direction within each lane, and there is no external clock signal since clocking information is embedded within the serial signal itself. As such, typical bandwidth limitations on serial signals are in the multi gigahertz range. PCI Express is one example of the general trend toward replacing parallel buses with serial interconnects other examples include Serial ATA SATA, USB, Serial Attached SCSI SAS, Fire. Wire IEEE 1. 39. Rapid. IO. In digital video, examples in common use are DVI, HDMI and Display. Port. Multichannel serial design increases flexibility with its ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices.